As Americans take more and more medications on a regular basis,
pharmaceutical poisonings of children are on the rise. A recent study by
Bond et al. (2011) looked at Poison Control Center data from 2001-08
and found a 30% increase in children under 5 years of age visiting
emergency departments (EDs) for medication poisonings. Bond et al.
report a 43% increase in injuries and a 36% increase in
hospitalizations. There are now more injuries in small children due to
medication exposure than motor vehicle accidents, and the severity is
increasing along with the number.
The largest part of the burden on EDs seems to be from children
ingesting prescription medication on their own. Three types of
medications are associated with the highest number of total ED visits
and increased admission and/or injury rate—opioids, cardiovascular
agents and sedative-hypnotics. While one or two tablets of beta or
calcium channel blockers may have relatively mild effects such as
hypoglycemia, clinically important symptoms rise with dose. Of the 66
deaths directly related to pediatric pharmaceutical poisoning from
2001-08, more than half were due to opioid analgesic or cardiovascular
drugs.
What can we do to help bring these numbers down? Patient education is an
important part of the equation. All medications should be stored in
child-resistant containers and more importantly, out of the reach of
small children. Another analysis of Poison Control Center data suggested
that ease of access to medication was the only statistically
significant factor in pediatric poisonings. Medications should not be
stored on tables or countertops, on low shelves or in purses. New
flow-restriction packaging and single tablet-dispensing containers would
also help prevent poisonings. The Advocacy Committee will have
downloadable patient handouts on pediatric pharmaceutical poisonings and
other topics on the RSA website soon.